Automatic Metal Detector & Remover Using Arduino

Basic Arduino Program

**Automatic Metal Detector & Remover**

Arduino Code:

const int ProximitySensor = 2; // proximity sensor connected to pin 2
const int Motor = 4; // Motor is connected to pin 4
const int Coil = 7; // Magnetic coil is connect to pin 7

int ProximitySensorStatus(digitalRead); // sensor will give digital output.
int MotorStatus(digitalWrite); // motor will takes digital input
int CoilStatus(digitalWrite); // coil will takes digital input

void setup() {
  pinMode(ProximitySensor, INPUT); // proximity sensor connected as input of arduino
  pinMode(Motor, OUTPUT); // motor is connected as out of arduino
  pinMode(Coil, OUTPUT); // Magnetic Coil connected as output of arduino
  // put your setup code here, to run once:

}

void loop() {
  if (ProximitySensorStatus == HIGH); // if the proximity sensor detects the Metal body i.e. High
  {digitalWrite(Motor, LOW); // motor will stop
  digitalWrite(Coil, HIGH); // Magnetic Coil will be get Energised 
  delay(ProximitySensorStatus); // the operation of Stop the Motor & On the coil upto the change in Proximity Sensor value i.e. Sensor value is Low
  }
  
  // put your main code here, to run repeatedly:

}

Proximity Sensor (Inductive type)

Componets :

IR sensor (Inductive Type)
MOTOR
Conveyor belt
ring bearings
electromagnet 
Arduino UNO

Ring Bearings

Conveyor Belt set

Arduino UNO

For more Codes 

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FILTERS 

Impedance analysis

This approach analyses the filter sections from the point of view of the filter being in an infinite chain of identical sections. It has the advantages of simplicity of approach and the ability to easily extend to higher orders. It has the disadvantage that accuracy of predicted responses relies on filter terminations in the image impedance, which is usually not the case.^[5]

Constant k filter response with 5 elements

Zobel network (constant R) filter, 5 sections

m-derived filter response, m=0.5, 2 elements

m-derived filter response, m=0.5, 5 elements

Network synthesis

The network synthesis approach starts with a required transfer function and then expresses that as a polynomial equation of the input impedance of the filter. The actual element values of the filter are obtained by continued-fraction or partial-fraction expansions of this polynomial. Unlike the image method, there is no need for impedance matching networks at the terminations as the effects of the terminating resistors are included in the analysis from the start.^[5]

Here is an image comparing Butterworth, Chebyshev, and elliptic filters. The filters in this illustration are all fifth-order low-pass filters. The particular implementation – analog or digital, passive or active – makes no difference; their output would be the same.

Passive filters

Passive implementations of linear filters are based on combinations of resistors (R), inductors (L) and capacitors (C). These types are collectively known as passive filters, because they do not depend upon an external power supply and/or they do not contain active components such as transistors.

Inductors block high-frequency signals and conduct low-frequency signals, while capacitors do the reverse. A filter in which the signal passes through an inductor, or in which a capacitor provides a path to ground, presents less attenuation to low-frequency signals than high-frequency signals and is therefore a low-pass filter. If the signal passes through a capacitor, or has a path to ground through an inductor, then the filter presents less attenuation to high-frequency signals than low-frequency signals and therefore is a high-pass filter. Resistors on their own have no frequency-selective properties, but are added to inductors and capacitors to determine the time-constants of the circuit, and therefore the frequencies to which it responds.

The inductors and capacitors are the reactive elements of the filter. The number of elements determines the order of the filter. In this context, an LC tuned circuit being used in a band-pass or band-stop filter is considered a single element even though it consists of two components.

At high frequencies (above about 100 megahertz), sometimes the inductors consist of single loops or strips of sheet metal, and the capacitors consist of adjacent strips of metal. These inductive or capacitive pieces of metal are called stubs.

Single element types

A low-pass electronic filter realised by an RC circuit

The simplest passive filters, RC and RL filters, include only one reactive element, except hybrid LC filter which is characterized by inductance and capacitance integrated in one element.^[1]

L filter

An L filter consists of two reactive elements, one in series and one in parallel.

T and π filters

Main article: Capacitor-input filter

Low-pass π filter

High-pass T filter

            Three-element filters can have a 'T' or 'π' topology and in either geometries, a low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, or band-stop characteristic is possible. The components can be chosen symmetric or not, depending on the required frequency characteristics. The high-pass T filter in the illustration, has a very low impedance at high frequencies, and a very high impedance at low frequencies. That means that it can be inserted in a transmission line, resulting in the high frequencies being passed and low frequencies being reflected. Likewise, for the illustrated low-pass π filter, the circuit can be connected to a transmission line, transmitting low frequencies and reflecting high frequencies. Using m-derived filter sections with correct termination impedances, the input impedance can be reasonably constant in the pass band.^[2]

Multiple element types

Multiple element filters are usually constructed as a ladder network. These can be seen as a continuation of the L,T and π designs of filters. More elements are needed when it is desired to improve some parameter of the filter such as stop-band rejection or slope of transition from pass-band to stop-band.

Via :  Wikipedia

RS Flipflop

Basically is Memory element which stores one bit of information. 

The Name RS stands for R - Reset & S - Set

• It is constructed by feeding the outputs of two NOR gates back to the other NOR gates input.
• The inputs R and S are referred to as the Reset and Set inputs, respectively.

3-∅ Induction Motor

3-∅ Induction Motor 

An Induction motor is an asynchronous motor.

It rotates below synchronous speed and the speed is depends on the Load conditions.

Slip :

             The difference between synchronous speed Ns and the actual rotar speed N expressed in terms of Synchronous speed.

Slip speed = Ns - N

Slip = (Ns - N)/Ns

%Slip = (Ns - N)100/Ns

Download Notes for More about induction motor

Soil Moisture Sensor Project

Soil Moisture Sensor Project

  Components Required :

• Arduino set
• Soil moisture sensor
• LEDs
• Relay (6V)

Arduino

Soil Moisture sensor

LEDs

Relay (6V)

Circuit Diagram : 

Connections :

  

• Connect Vcc Pin of Soil Moisture sensor to 5v Pin of Arduino.
• Connect GND pin of Soil Moisture sensor to GND pin of Arduino
• Connect Data pin of Soil Moisture sensor to Analog Pin of Arduino (i.e.  Pin 0)

Arduino Program :

/* # the sensor value description

# 0  ~300     dry soil

# 300~700     humid soil

# 700~950     in water*/

void setup(){

Serial.begin(9600);

}

void loop(){

int soil_moisture=analogRead(A0);  // read from analog pin A3

Serial.print(“analog value: “);

if(soil_moisture<30) {

Serial.println(“Dry soil”);

}

if((soil_moisture>300)&&(soil_moisture<700)) {

Serial.println(“Humid soil”);

}

if((soil_moisture>700)&&(soil_moisture<950)){

Serial.println(“water”);

}

} 

Copy the code and dump into the Arduino

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JNTU MATHS-III SYLLABUS

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD.

 II Year B.Tech. EEE-I Sem

MATHEMATICS – III 

Objectives:

                           To learn  Transforming the given variable coefficient equation (Cauchy’s and Lagrange’s) into the one with constant coefficients.  Identifying ordinary points, singular points and regular singular points for the given ODE.  Finding the series solution around a regular singular point.  Solve the given ODE with variable coefficients by Frobenius method and test the convergence of its series solution.  Series solutions for Legendre and Bessel differential equations, analyzing the properties of Legendre and Bessel polynomials.  Differentiation and Integration of complex valued functions.  Evaluation of integrals using Cahchy’s integral formula.  Taylor’s series, Maclaurin’s series and Laurent’s series expansions of complex functions  Evaluation of integrals using residue theorem.  Transform a given function from z - plane to w – plane.  Identify the transformations like translation, magnification, rotation and reflection and inversion.  Properties of bilinear transformations.

UNIT – I:

                           Linear ODE with variable coefficients and series solutions(second order only): Equations reducible to constant coefficients-Cauchy’s and Lagrange’s differential equations. Motivation for series solutions, Ordinary point and Regular singular point of a differential equation , Transformation of non-zero singular point to zero singular point. Series solutions to differential equations around zero, Frobenius Method about zero.

Unit-II
                      Special Functions : Legendre’s Differential equation, General solution of Legendre’s equation, Legendre polynomials Properties: Rodrigue’s formula – Recurrence relations, Generating function of Legendre’s polynomials – Orthogonality. Bessel’s Differential equation, Bessel functions properties: – Recurrence relations, Orthogonality, Generating function , Trigonometric expansions involving Bessel functions.

UNIT-III:
                 Complex Functions –Differentiation and Integration : Complex functions and its representation on Argand plane, Concepts of limit Continuity, Differentiability, Analyticity, Cauchy-Riemann conditions, Harmonic functions – Milne – Thompson method. Line integral – Evaluation along a path and by indefinite integration – Cauchy’s integral theorem – Cauchy’s integral formula – Generalized integral formula.

UNIT-IV: 
                             Power series expansions of complex functions and contour Integration: Radius of convergence – Expansion in Taylor’s series, Maclaurin’s series and Laurent series. Singular point –Isolated singular point – pole of order m – essential singularity. Residue – Evaluation of residue by formula and by Laurent series – Residue theorem. Evaluation of integrals of the type (a) Improper real integrals    f (x)dx (b)       2 (cos ,sin ) c c f d

UNIT-V: 

                      Conformal mapping: Transformation of z-plane to w-plane by a function, Conformal transformation. Standard transformations- Translation; Magnification and rotation; inversion and reflection,Transformations like z e , log z, z 2 , and Bilinear transformation. Properties of Bilinear transformation, determination of bilinear transformation when mappings of 3 points are given .

TEXT BOOKS: 

                   1. Advanced Engineering Mathematics by Kreyszig, John Wiley & Sons.
                   2. Higher Engineering Mathematics by Dr. B.S. Grewal, Khanna Publishers.

REFERENCES:

                   1) Complex Variables Principles And Problem Sessions By A.K.Kapoor, World Scientific Publishers                   2) Engineering Mathematics-3 By T.K.V.Iyengar andB.Krishna Gandhi Etc                 3) A Text Book Of Engineering Mathematics By N P Bali, Manesh                                                        4) Mathematics for Engineers and Scientists, Alan Jeffrey, 6th Edit. 2013, Chapman & Hall/CRC                 5) Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Michael Greenberg, Second Edition. Person Education                6) Mathematics For Engineers By K.B.Datta And M.A S.Srinivas,Cengage Publications 

Outcome:
               After going through this course the student will be able to: Apply the Frobenius method to obtain a series solution for the given linear 2nd ODE. Identify Bessel equation and Legendre equation and solve them under special conditions with the help of series solutions method. Also recurrence relations and orthogonality properties of Bessel and Legendre polynomials. After going to through this course the student will be able to  analyze the complex functions with reference to their analyticity, Integration using Cauchy’s integral theorem,  Find the Taylor’s and Laurent series expansion of complex functions  The conformal transformations of complex functions can be dealt with ease.

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